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S chreiber : Fossil remains of Macaca sylvanus from the locality of Mauer 11 al to terrestrial (see van H ooff 1988). The North African macaques are most abundant in tall, mixed cedar and evergreen oak forests ( M asseti & B runer 2009). On the one hand the ecological preference of a recent mammal should not be di- rectly projected onto its fossil ancestors, but on the other hand the great variation of its extant ha- bitat might be a sufficient explanation as to why Macaca occurred repeatedly in several faunal assemblages of the temperate zone of Europe during the warm ages of the Plio- and Pleisto- cene. This is supported by the ecomorphologi- cal study of E ronen & R ook (2004) on European Mio-Pliocene primate occurrences, and by E lton & O’R egan (2014), showing that the Cercopithe- coidea, especially the Macaca , had occupied a variety of environmental conditions, including the North West of Europe in the Middle Pleistocene. Therefore the occurrence of Macaca in the Mau- er locality does not contradict the current climate reconstruction, based on the faunal assemblage from the ‘Mauerer Sande’ ( S chreiber et al. 2007, W agner et al. 2011). Moreover, with regard to their mode of life, the macaques fit well inside the reconstructed landscape of the H. heidelbergen- sis , with floodplain forests along the river, mean- dering in the wide valley, forests on the slopes, and open forests on the hills, with grass- and scrubland areas. Because of the fissure water system in the Triassic basement (Buntsandstein and Muschelkalk) the hill sites would probably have been dry habitats. In summary the diversity of forest and open land habitats that appear in the locality of Mauer made an ideal environment for the versatile macaques. Conclusions The specimen of an isolated right third molar of the lower jaw (m3), which was found in the fine pebble grade of a sample from the lower ‘Mauerer Sande’ of the Grafenrain sand pit north of Mauer, is described. Because of its low reli- ef of the crown, the bilophodont yet overall bu- nodont character of the tooth pattern, with the four cusps and three basins, and its additional distal elongation, the specimen is assigned to the species Macaca sylvanus ( L innaeus , 1758). This second specimen implies the presence of a second Macaca individual from the ‘Mauerer Sande’. Additionally, its distinctive feature - the two separated cusps on the tuberculum sextum - may enable the morphological differentiation of species for Macaca in the fossil record of Eu- rope. The presence of Macaca at Mauer confirms the previous expectation that macaques would be found in the faunal assemblage of the ‘Mauerer Sande’ (see K oenigswald 1997, S chreiber et al. 2007). Macaca were previously documented in most other important mammalian fossil sites in the Plio-Pleistocene of Europe, like Tegelen, Up- per Valdarno, Sénèze, Untermassfeld, Voigtstedt, West Runton, Mosbach 2, Hoxne, Swanscombe, and Heppenloch, but not in Mauer. With the two finds an important gap in the list of the faunal as- semblage of Mauer is now closed. Acknowledgements Without the enthusiastic engagement of M anfred L ö - scher (Sandhausen) for extracting sediment samples from the Mauer locality during the last two decades the increase of the micromammalian diversity in the faunal assemblage from Mauer would not be archived as it is now. As a side effect some finds of macromammals and especially the primate remains completed his work. Additionally the author likes to thank K rister T . S mith (Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg Frankfurt) for critical comments and the correction of the manuscript. References A dam , K. D. 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