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S chreiber : Fossil remains of Macaca sylvanus from the locality of Mauer 7 isolated island population of Macaca . For a con- siderable time the remains were considered to be distinct only at the subspecies level, i.e. Macaca sylvanus majori ( D elson 1980 , M azza et al. 2005). Based on a recent find from Is Oreris ( Z oboli et al. 2016) and an earlier comparative study ( R ook & O’H iggins 2005), the macaque remains from Sardinia are clearly referable to a distinct spe- cies, which formed an isolated, dwarfed insular population in the Plio-Pleistocene of Sardinia. M. majori is characterized by smaller cranial di- mensions and a shorter anteroposterior palatal length compared to extant species, and a denti- tion of smaller dimensions ( Z oboli et al. 2016). In north western, central and eastern Europe Macaca is well represented in fossil sites as well. From West Runton in Great Britain ( A rdito & M ottura 1987) to M ă lu ş teni in Romania ( F ran - zen 1973) the genus occurs in many faunal as- semblages. In particular, a find in the locality of Mosbach near Wiesbaden [SW Germany ( K ahl - ke 1961 , 1967, A rdito & M ottura 1987)], similar in age to Mauer, gave rise to the idea that an oc- currence of Macaca in Mauer might be expected (see K oenigswald 1997, S chreiber et al. 2007). Material The Grafenrain sand pit (north of Mauer) is situ- ated in a former meander of the Neckar River, exposing its early Middle Pleistocene sediments, the so-called ‘Mauerer Sande’ (Mauer sands). On October 21, 1907 the palaeontological workman D aniel H artmann (1854-1952) found the lower jaw of H. heidelbergensis in the pit ( S choeten - sack 1908). The lower jaw, and moreover a huge number of fossil remains, made the locality of Mauer world famous as a rich and diverse Pleis- tocene mammalian fossil site (see S chreiber et al. 2007, W agner et al. 2011). The area of the Grafenrain sand pit is the last re- maining outcrop of the ‘Mauerer Sande’ available for scientific purposes. After the termination of sand extraction from the pit in 1962 the possibili- ties for further macromammalian finds from the Mauer locality were limited. As a result, further in- vestigations on micromammalian, first described by H eller (1934 , 1939), seemed to be the most effective option to continue the research on the fossil site. Since 1995 a huge amount of sedi- ment (about 50 m 3 ) has been extracted from the section in the Grafenrain sand pit, and analysed by M. L öscher and collaborators. The number and diversity of the micromammalian fossils in- creased remarkably (see M aul et al. 2015). The remains derived mainly from the gravel grade, while small macromammalian fossils, e.g. teeth, came from the fine pebble grade. Both macaque molars were found in such fine pebble grade samples, made between 148 and 149 m above sea level (see S chreiber & L öscher 2011 : 299, Fig. 1), the first one collected in February 2008, the second one in August to October 2010. The new find (Fig. 1) Systematic Palaeontology (after M c K enna & B ell 1997, van H ooff 1988): Order Primates L innaeus , 1758 Superfamily Cercopithecoidea G ray , 1821 Family Cercopithecidae G ray , 1821 Tribe Papionini B urnett , 1828 Subtribe Macacina O wen , 1843 Genus Macaca L acépède , 1799 Species Macaca sylvanus ( L innaeus , 1758) Locality: Grafenrain sand pit, Mauer, SE of Hei- delberg, Germany, 08° 48’ 08’’ E – 49° 20’ 82’’ N, 4 85 550 E – 54 66 100 N [UTM-coordinates (zone32), referred to WGS84/ETRS89]. Horizon: ‘Untere Mauerer Sande’, the lower sec- tion of the ‘Mauerer Sande’, ca. 140-164 m above sea level. Collection: State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe (SMNK) Inventory number: SMNK-PAL 6630. Description The isolated tooth (Fig. 1) is a right third lower molar (m3), according to its bilophodont tooth pattern with four cusps and its additional distal extension, composed of the hypoconulid and the tuberculum sextum, typical in the macaques ( S zalay & D elson 1979). The crests between the mesial cusps and between the distal cusps are prominent, but do not mar the overall bunodont character of the tooth. Mesial and distal from each cusp arise crests, which are elongated, fused at their ends, and form a circular crest on the rim of the crown. In the distal portion the hy- poconulid and the tuberculum sextum, the latter separated into two distinct parts or cusps (Fig. 1, b), complete the circular crest. This crest is slight- ly incised on the lingual and buccal margins of the talonid basin, forming moderate lingual and buccal notches. Mesially the circular crest limits a small mesial fovea, whereas distally the crown shows a triangular distal fovea because of the additional distal extension. Basally, the convexi-